ASP.NET PDF Viewer using C#, VB/NET

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Like variable types, the names of type parameters always start with a single quote (') followed by an alphanumeric name for the type. Typically, just a single letter is used. If multiple parameterized types are required, you separate them with commas. You can then use the type parameters throughout the type definition. The previous examples defined two parameterized types, using the two different syntaxes that F# offers. The BinaryTree type used OCaml-style syntax, where the type parameters are placed before the name of the type. The tree type used .NET-style syntax, with the type parameters in angle brackets after the type name. The syntax for creating and consuming an instance of a parameterized type does not change from that of creating and consuming a nonparameterized type. This is because the compiler will automatically infer the type parameters of the parameterized type. You can see this in the following construction of tree1 and tree2 and their consumption by the functions printBinaryTreeValues and printTreeValues: let rec printBinaryTreeValues x = match x with | BinaryNode (node1, node2) -> printBinaryTreeValues node1; printBinaryTreeValues node2 | BinaryValue x -> print_any x; print_string ", " let rec printTreeValues x = match x with | Node l -> List.iter printTreeValues l | Value x -> print_any x print_string ", " printBinaryTreeValues tree1 print_newline() printTreeValues tree2 The results of this example, when compiled and executed, are as follows: 1, 2, 3, 4, "one", "two", "three", "four",

Venkman: This is a powerful JavaScript debugger available as an extension to Mozillabased browsers such as Firefox. Venkman is a fully featured environment with excellent support for breakpoints and object inspection. Thanks to Firefox s excellent commitment to adhering to Web standards, you can be sure that if a script works in Firefox, it will work in any other standards-compliant browser. Because debugging can be a potentially large part of the development process, we ll cover all these tools and show what they are (and aren t) capable of doing.

You may have noticed that although I ve discussed defining types, creating instances of them, and examining these instances, I haven t discussed updating them. This is because it is not possible to update these kinds of types because the idea of a value that changes over time goes against the idea of functional programming. However, F# does have some types that are updatable, and I discuss them in 4.

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As an interpreted language, JavaScript lacks a compiler that can catch minor mistakes such as missing quotation marks or out-of-place curly braces. Tools such as JSLint can help, but they will miss plenty of errors. Often these errors don t manifest themselves until the script is executed within the browser. A common complaint regarding JavaScript development is that browsers don t give descriptive error messages when JavaScript errors occur. Firefox has a great tool called JavaScript Console, which is available under the Tools menu. Any JavaScript error is logged to the JavaScript Console, which describes the error and the location of the source file in which the error occurred. Figure 7-4 displays the JavaScript Console showing a variety of errors. The first error is a string literal that is lacking a matching quotation mark at the end of the string literal. Note how JavaScript Console describes the error, indicates the location of the error (line 11), and even points to the unmatched quotation mark. The second error arises from an instance where a nonexistent property of an object was referenced.

Exception definitions in F# are similar to defining a constructor of a union type, and the syntax for handling exceptions is similar to pattern matching You define exceptions using the exception keyword followed by the name of the exception and then optionally the keyword of and the types of any values the exception should contain, with multiple types separated by asterisks The next example shows the definition of an exception, WrongSecond, which contains one integer value: exception WrongSecond of int You can raise exceptions with the raise keyword, as shown in the else clause in the following testSecond function F# also has an alterative to the raise keyword, the failwith function, as shown in the following if clause.

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